Remarks on the Possiblity of the Revival of the Subdeacon within the Roman Rite

About a week ago, I read a blog post on Father Z's WDTPRS blog about subdeacons from the Eastern Rites being used for a Solemn High Mass (in the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite). In it, he advocates for the order of subdeacon to be brought back in the Roman Rite. I agree with him to a point, but I realize that much catechesis is needed first to accurately inform the laity.

In case you have never heard of a subdeacon before, it is one who is (literally) "under a deacon". The job of the subdeacon within the Mass is to assist the deacon and do a few other things as well such as reading the epistle. Within the course of holy orders, the subdeacon is below the order of deacon, but higher than all of the minor orders.

In 1972, Pope Paul VI released the motu proprio Ministeria Quaedam. In it, the definition of a cleric within the church was redefined (to be deacon and higher) and the minor orders (as back before Vatican II) and the subdeacon were eliminated and in their place, the minor orders of lector and acolyte were kept, but they were rebranded as "ministries" and thus open to selected laymen (and seminarians on their way to the diaconate and priesthood) to receive them. The exception to this motu proprio is certain groups out there which celebrate the Extraordinary Form exclusively, such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), which have been allowed to retain the subdiaconate and the minor orders. This worked out until Pope Benedict XVI put out Summorum Pontificum back in 2007, allowing universal permission for any priest within the Roman Rite to celebrate the pre-conciliar form of the Roman Rite without any special permission from his bishop first.

With Summorum Pontificum, there was a renewed interest in the different forms of Mass, including the Solemn High Mass. Unfortunately, things caught a snag in regards to the Solemn High Mass. In order to have one, you need 3 ministers: the priest (obviously), the deacon, and the subdeacon. Due to the big time difference between 1965 and 2007 any proper (ordained) subdeacon, aside from the handful of approved groups devoted to the older form of the Mass which got permission to retain all four minor orders and the subdeacon,  had moved on and received his ordination to the diaconate and priesthood. According to the liturgical guidelines, priests and deacons can dress down to the subdeacon and there is also a provision allowing someone who has received the minor order of acolyte to vest and act as a subdeacon during the Mass if a real subdeacon could not be found (with some exceptions such as not wearing the maniple and not being able to purify the sacred vessels).

Some have suggested that the order of subdeacon be revived in the Roman Rite. There are two concerns that I see that would have to be addressed. First, would the subdeacon be considered a major order as it has traditionally been or would it now be recognized as a minor order as it is with the Eastern rites? I think if the order of subdeacon were brought back in the Roman Rite, it would have to be considered a minor order since the definition of cleric was changed to start with the diaconate. However, if the order of subdeacon were changed to that of a minor order, this would affect those groups which exclusively celebrate the older form of the Mass such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), but I don't think things for those groups would really change.

Second, what kind of guidelines would subdeacons have to follow? In years past, once a man was ordained a subdeacon, he had to live out the promise of celibacy (if a man received the minor orders, but stopped before he was ordained a subdeacon, he could still get married with no problems). In the Roman Rite, the subdeacon was not allowed to be married. This is before Pope Paul VI brought back the permanent diaconate. For the good of the church, if the subdiaconate were to be brought back, they would follow similar guidelines to what is already established for deacons (transitory and permanent). These days, there would have to be the option of admitting married men to the subdiaconate just as married men can be admitted to the diaconate. The subdeacon who is married would still have do as a married deacon does and take a vow of celibacy.

Third, if the subdiaconate were brought back, what functions would the subdeacon have at Mass in the ordinary form? In the extraordinary form, the functions of the subdeacon are clearly documented. In the ordinary form, we only have reference to the functions of the subdeacon in as far as he was to serve the priest and deacon, read the first and second readings before the gospel, assist the priest in giving communion if needed, and then helping to purify the vessels after communion. If the subdiaconate were to be brought back, I would guess that he would be the first candidate to assume those duties before any man holding the ministries of acolyte or lector (depending on the given task).

These are just some of the issues that would have to be addressed for the subdiaconate to (officially) come back in the Roman Rite. Right now, the Eastern churches sur iuris in communion with Rome still do ordain men to the subdiaconate. At a Solemn High Mass in the Extraordinary Form, an Eastern subdeacon is allowed to fulfill the role of subdeacon within the Mass (and do everything that a real subdeacon does). Before that though, the Eastern subdeacon needs to get permission from his own bishop first, and he uses the vestments that he normally uses in his rite. If the Eastern subdeacon (upon getting his bishop's permission first) does not have his own eastern vestments available with him at the Roman Rite church that the Solemn High Mass is being celebrated at, he can wear the vestments that a Roman Rite subdeacon wears.

Lastly, the subdiaconate and the minor orders are considered sacramentals instead of sacraments. This is mostly because the subdiaconate and the minor orders were something instituted by the Church and do not have divine origins (as in the institution of the priesthood) or apostolic origins (as in the institution of the diaconate). Since the subdiaconate (and the minor orders as well) do not leave an  indelible mark on the soul, there is no need for the subdeacon to be laicised if a situation warrants a man to leave the subdiaconate.

So what do you think of this issue? Should the order of subdeacon be brought back in the Roman Rite or not? I think that it's possible, but much catechesis is needed first to accurately inform the laity. Tell me what you think in the comment box below. If I am missing some information or if I have some wrong information in this post, please let me know via the comment box below as well.

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